Sağlık ekonomisini veriyle anlatıyorum.

Background: Health workforce migration is a global phenomenon with far-reaching implications for health systems. Turkey has experienced an unprecedented rise in physician emigration over the past decade, yet the relationship between migration intentions and realised mobility remains insufficiently explored, particularly under overlapping economic, political, and health system crises.Objective: To examine the divergence between physician emigration intentions and realised migration from Turkey to OECD countries (2012-2022), and to assess how the 2017-2018 structural crisis coincided with shifts in migration dynamics.Methods: Data on Good Standing Certificate applications from the Turkish Medical Association (intentions) were combined with OECD Health Workforce Migration data (realised flows). An interrupted time-series design and structural break analysis were applied to detect significant changes associated with the crisis period.Results: The intention-action ratio increased from 0.77:1 in 2012 to 4.16:1 in 2022, with a notable structural break at 2017-2018. The interrupted time-series estimate indicated a crisis-related rise of +1.6 ratio points (p < 0.001). Certificate applications grew from 59 to 2685, while OECD inflows rose from 77 to 645, illustrating intensifying migration friction.Conclusions: Periods of crisis appear to amplify emigration intentions while constraining their realisation, widening the intention-action gap. This pattern has implications beyond Turkey, highlighting the need for friction-sensitive forecasting, evidence-based retention strategies in source countries, and ethically balanced recruitment in destination countries.

This study examines the impact of patent activity on the idiosyncratic volatility (IVOL) of U.S. pharmaceutical companies, addressing a critical gap in the literature on the relationship between innovation and firm-specific risk. Using panel data from Thomson Reuters/Refinitiv covering 2,910 firms over 2005−2024, we employ the Fama-French 5-factor model to isolate firm-specific volatility and analyze how patent events and pharmaceutical development activities affect stock price risk. Our findings reveal a complex relationship between innovation and volatility that varies by development stage. While patent activity overall reduces idiosyncratic volatility, early and mid-stage development projects (Phase I and II) initially increase firm-specific risk, reflecting inherent uncertainties in drug development. Conversely, newly launched products significantly reduce volatility, indicating that risk mitigation occurs primarily at commercialization. These relationships remain robust during crisis periods, including the 2008−09 financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. The results provide valuable insights for investors seeking to assess pharmaceutical investment risks, managers optimizing innovation portfolios, and policymakers designing intellectual property frameworks. The study’s focus on the U.S. market and reliance on patent counts rather than quality measures suggest important avenues for future research across different regulatory environments and innovation metrics.

Introduction This study investigates the Health-Led Growth Hypothesis (HLGH) within OECD countries, examining how health expenditures influence economic growth and the role of different health financing systems in this relationship. Methods Utilizing a comprehensive analysis spanning 2000 to 2019 across 38 OECD countries, advanced econometric methodologies were employed. Both second-generation panel data estimators (Dynamic CCEMG, CS-ARDL, AMG) and first-generation models (Panel ARDL with PMG, FMOLS, DOLS) were utilized to test the hypothesis. Results The findings confirm the positive impact of health expenditures on economic growth, supporting the HLGH. Significant disparities were observed in the ability of health expenditures to stimulate economic growth across different health financing systems, including the Bismarck, Beveridge, Private Health Insurance, and System in Transition models. Discussion This study enriches the ongoing academic dialog by providing an exhaustive analysis of the relationship between health expenditures and economic growth. It offers valuable insights for policymakers on how to optimize health investments to enhance economic development, considering the varying effects of different health financing frameworks.

The well-known health-led growth hypothesis claims a positive correlation between health expenditure and economic growth. The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the health-led growth hypothesis for the Turkish economy. The bound test approach, autoregressive-distributed lag approach (ARDL) and Kalman filter modeling are employed for the 1975-2013 period to examine the co-integration relationship between economic growth and health expenditure. The ARDL model is employed in order to investigate the long-term and short-term static relationship between health expenditure and economic growth. The results show that a 1 % increase in per-capita health expenditure will lead to a 0.434 % increase in per-capita gross domestic product. These findings are also supported by the Kalman filter model's results. Our findings show that the health-led growth hypothesis is supported for Turkey.

Objectives: The objective was to explore progress of equity in the utilization of maternal health care services in developing countries since maternal care is a crucial factor in reducing maternal mortality, which is targeted by the Millennium Development Goal 5.Methods: A systematic review of quantitative studies was done. PubMed Central, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases were searched for peer-reviewed and English-language articles published between 2005 and 2015.Results: Thirty-six articles were included in the review. The results reveal the lack of equity in the utilization of maternal health care in developing countries. Thirty-three out of 36 studies found evidence supporting severe inequities while three studies found evidence of equity or at least improvement in terms of equity.Conclusions: Most of the literature devoted to utilization of maternal health care generally provides information on the level of maternal care used and ignore the equity problem. Research in this area should focus not only on the level of maternal care used but also on the most disadvantaged segments of the population in terms of utilization of maternal care in order to reach the set targets.